Manitoba

Neville sworn in with shofar

Anita Neville’s swearing-in ceremony on Oct. 24 included the blasts of a shofar blown by her rabbi, Anibal Mass. (screenshot)

Anita Neville says she “feels the responsibility” of being the first Jewish person to be appointed as the lieutenant governor of Manitoba – an office she was sworn into on Oct. 24, using a Hebrew Bible.

For the next five years, the vice-regal residence in Winnipeg will be where Neville calls home. And she was quick to start carrying out official duties like laying the first wreath during the province’s Remembrance Day ceremony, and reading the government’s Speech from the Throne to open a new Manitoba Legislature session on Nov. 15.

“The whole thing is new. The protocol is new. I’m fortunate that there are very knowledgeable, experienced people around me, so that makes it easier,” Neville told The CJN Daily in an interview from Government House, acknowledging that she has a steep learning curve for her new role.

Which is why, shortly after her swearing-in, Neville flew off to attend a round of orientation meetings. She also learned that she will be going to Buckingham Palace, at some point, to present her credentials to King Charles III.

“There are three others who have not presented their credentials to the monarch, so there are four of us in line,” said Neville. “I don’t know where I am in the order, but I look forward to it very much.”

Couldn’t lose face with grandson

Neville was at her cottage with her grandchildren in July when Prime Minister Justin Trudeau called to offer the position. She took time to think about whether she wanted this very public role. After all, she already had a fulfilling career in community service, including as chair of the city’s public school board, and then 11 years as the Liberal member of Parliament for Winnipeg South Centre, from 2000 to 2011. She’s also deeply involved in Jewish community matters, with her synagogue Shaarey Zedek, and the Jewish Heritage Centre of Western Canada.

At first, some members of Neville’s family were worried the new position might be too much for their 80-year-old mother and grandmother.

“I’ve got a very bad back,” she said. Neville walks with the assistance of a cane.

But her decision was made after she thought about her grandparents and her roots, having been born in the traditional Jewish immigrant neighbourhood in the North End of the city, then growing up after the Second World War, when barriers to advancement still existed for Jews.

What clinched it was when a grandson scolded her and said, “How could you not take the job? How many people get this opportunity?” Neville felt that she didn’t “want to lose face with Aaron.”

Considering saying no was “beyond his comprehension,” she said.

Jewish and Indigenous touches

The 26th lieutenant governor in Manitoba’s history made sure to put her own stamp on the official swearing-in. The formal ceremony was full of Jewish symbolism.

It not only involved her choice of Bible to swear the oath, but it also had the piercing blasts of a shofar blown by her rabbi, Anibal Mass – who delivered blessings and then led the audience with a loud “Mazel tov!”

The opportunity is something the daughter of Russian Jewish immigrants in Winnipeg’s North End never dreamed would be possible for somebody with such origins.

In her speech, Neville told the audience that her grandparents fled Bessarabia and Odessa a century ago, to escape a climate of murderous antisemitism, and to find freedom and opportunity in Canada.

“I wanted … the larger community of Manitoba to be aware of who I am and where I came from,” she said. “I did it thoughtfully. I don’t think I was over the top.”

It wasn’t only having Jewish rituals that marked a departure from previous swearing-in ceremonies. Neville pushed to include Indigenous people in the program, which she claims is the first time this has happened. It stems from her own decades of work on their behalf, and it will likely be a key part of her mandate.

An Indigenous elder, Myra Laramee of the Fisher River Cree Nation, delivered an invocation during the ceremony, and even called her longtime Jewish friend by the title of “Auntie.”

A positive signal: Neville

Neville’s swearing-in also came just three days before the Manitoba government adopted the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance definition of antisemitism, becoming the fifth Canadian province to do so. (Canada adopted it nationally in 2019.)

While she did not have anything to do with the timing, and did not work behind the scenes on that file, Neville agrees both things are good for Jews.

“I think, for the Jewish community, it is a signal of positive acceptance, integration,” Neville said. “Not that it wasn’t there before, but it’s a kind of stamp. It’s like getting a check mark.”

Neville isn’t the first Jewish person to hold a similar appointment in Canada: that milestone was pioneered by Myra Freedman, who served as Nova Scotia’s lieutenant governor from 2000 to 2006. (Freedman held Shabbat dinners at the official residence and kept kosher.)

For her part, Neville plans to install a mezuzah at the entrance to her private quarters when she moves into the century-old Government House. And she won’t serve pork or shellfish.

When she was initially appointed, a friend immediately called

her, half-jokingly anticipating an invitation for the fast-breaking meal at the end of Yom Kippur. All Neville can say to that for now is, “We’ll see.”

Centre-left stance on Israel

Neville is a long-standing supporter of Israel, and her appointment comes amid rising antisemitism, including a torrent of hate for Israel and Zionism.

B’nai Brith Canada’s annual audit reported 223 anti-Jewish incidents in Manitoba last year, up from 92 in 2020, and 83 the year before that, according to Janna Minikovich, a spokesperson for the group.

Does Neville fear becoming a target for anti-Jewish sentiment in her new role? During her days in Parliament, she remembers receiving some hate mail, but she declined to comment further on her current opinions on Israel, besides describing those views as “centre left.”

Neville co-chaired the Liberal Parliamentarians for Israel caucus when she was an MP. Moreover, in the House of Commons, she raised the plight of the 800,000 Jewish refugees expelled from Arab lands, saying people needed to pay attention to this historic injustice.

But she also criticized Stephen Harper’s Conservative government for cutting federal funding to KAIROS Canada, an aid agency supported by several churches. The group supports the boycott, divestment and sanctions movement against Israel as a method of combating what it considers oppression of Palestinians. (Neville said at the time that, without clear explanations of the change in funding, it appeared Canada was stifling criticism of Israel.)

Operation Ezra volunteer

Neville has long been an advocate for social justice causes. One that is dear to her heart involves her work with a Jewish-led rescue organization in Winnipeg, Operation Ezra. The group has worked with other faith communities since 2015, to help bring 65 Yazidi refugees to Canada. (The federal government has brought in hundreds more under a federal sponsorship program starting in 2017.)

In between rehearsals for the Speech from the Throne and planning her move-in date to her new quarters, Neville made sure to turn up at the Winnipeg airport to greet the latest new arrival.

Ayad Alhussein, now 13, was captured by ISIS forces in 2014 – along with his entire family – when the Islamic extremists took over much of Iraq and Syria and set up a caliphate. Yazidis are not Muslims, and they were ordered to convert, or be killed. Ayad was just 5 years old at the time, and was kept prisoner for five years, until he escaped. He had been living in a displaced persons camp in Iraq, while two of his surviving sisters made it to Canada.

According to Michel Aziza, co-chair of Operation Ezra, it took constant pressure by the committee on local MPs and on immigration officials to get Ayad’s paperwork processed. “The world moved on, from Yazidis, to Afghans, to Ukrainians,” said a frustrated Aziza after Neville welcomed the slightly overwhelmed teenager.

Scenes like this underline why Neville’s swearing-in speech referred to her core values of “tikkun olam and tzedakah,” referring to herself as a descendent of refugees.

“I know that the Jewish community … because of what [feedback] I’ve received, has been very happy and very pleased with my appointment. And I feel the responsibility of it, let me tell you.”

To listen to Ellin Bessner’s podcast with Anita Neville, visit thecjn.ca/news/anita-neville-profile. The swearing-in ceremony can be viewed at youtube.com/watch?v=d0i3C2lce-g.

Life-changing impact

Sandy Shefrin Rabin’s debut novel is a far-reaching account of Jewish life in a small town in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Targeted to young adult readers, Prairie Sonata may focus on 11-year-old Mira’s friendship with her school (and violin) teacher, a Holocaust survivor, but it touches upon countless issues, from dealing with trauma, to preserving a language and a culture (Yiddish), to understanding different musical forms, to interfaith dating, to society’s views of mental illness, to learning about the impacts of physical disease (polio).

Set in the fictional town of Ambrosia, Man., an adult Mira reflects back on the impact that one of her teachers – Ari Bergman, called Chaver B by his students – had on her.

Chaver B is introduced to his Peretz School Yiddish class by the principal, who only shares, “Chaver Bergman has been living in Europe and just came over to Canada two weeks ago.” But Mira sees his vulnerability right away, the “melancholy about him,” and senses “that this was a man who needed kindness.”

Invited to Friday night dinner by Mira’s mother, Chaver B spots Mira’s violin and offers to teach her. He becomes a friend to the whole family – Mira’s parents and younger brother – but especially to Mira.

The novel is structured in three parts, like a sonata. As Chaver B explains to Mira, a sonata is comprised of an exposition, in which its themes are declared; a development, where the themes are explored and expanded; and a recapitulation, where the themes are repeated, leading to a resolution. In some cases, a coda is added, “to provide a sense of closure.”

Overall, Prairie Sonata is an intriguing novel, and even older readers will enjoy it, especially those who attended a Peretz School or who grew up in the era of the book. At times, when a character is explaining something, it sounds a bit like a Wikipedia entry, but the writing is strong overall and readers will relate to and empathize with the characters. In addition to all of the questions Mira raises throughout, there is a discussion and study guide at the end, with 17 thoughtful exercises for a school group or book club.

אלפי נחשים

(Manitoba Conservation / gov.mb.ca)

טקס ההזדווגות השנתי של נחשי בירית מצויים מצליח למשוך אליו אלפי בני אדם, בהם חובבי נחשים ושונאי נחשים כאחד. במשך ימים אחדים באביב, המבקרים מגיעים למאורות נחשים במקום שנקרא נארסיס במחוז מניטובה.

האזור מושך אליו את הנחשים בדיוק מאותן סיבות שגרמו לחקלאים רבים לנטוש אותו לפני עשרות שנים. האדמה מורכבת משכבת עפר דקה על גבי סלע גיר שהמים שחקו. כך נוצרה רשת מערות קטנות שאליהן אפשר להגיע דרך בולענים בקרקע. במקום קר כמו קנדה הנחשים מצאו להם בית מושלם לחורף.

פרץ הנחשים הנראה בכל אביב ובעשרת הימים שבהם הם עסוקים בחגיגות ההזדווגות, תלויים בעיקר מזג האוויר שקשה לחזות אותו. עננים, טמפרטורות נמוכות וגשם עשויים להשאיר את כל הנחשים מתחת לפני הקרקע. זה שנים רבות שהנחשים זוחלים החוצה בדיוק בזמן, מה שהפך את הצפייה בהם לטיול פופולרי ביום האם. האביב האחרון היה קר והנחשים הגיחו החוצה רק לקראת סוף מאי.

מן הסתם מדובר בריכוז הנחשים הגדול בעולם, אומר מרצה לביולוגיה באוניברסיטה של מדינת אורגון, פרופסור רוברט מייסון. כמעט מזה שלושים שנה הוא מגיע לנארסיס בכל אביב. מדהים אותו כמה אנשים רוצים לראות את הנחשים האלה הוא מוסיף. לדבריו הנחשים הם השגרירים המושלמים של עולם הזוחלים. אלמלא הנחשים נארסיס היתה נותרת עיירת רפאים. ומה יש בה: תחנת הדלק נטושה בסמוך להריסות של בית.

המדענים עורכים לרוב את מחקריהם באזורים קטנים של מאורות נחשים בשטחים פרטיים. אבל שירות חיות הבר של מניטובה הקים פארק סביב מאורות הנחשים, שבחורף משמשות בית לכשבעים אלף מהם. הם אמנם מסוגלים להכיש אך אין בכך סכנה לבני האדם.

בפארק השוכן מצפון לנארסיס מוצבים ספסלים ושולחנות פיקניק, שלטי הסבר ושבילי כורכר המובילים אל תוך חורשת צפצפות קטנה וגבעה. הנקודות הפופולריות ביותר הן ארבעה בולענים באזור הזה. גודלו של כל בולען הוא כשל חדר גדול, ועומקם מגיע לכשלושה עד ארבעה מטרים. תחילה, נדמה כי הבולען מכוסה בצמחייה ירוקה. מאחר שזו זזה, ניתן להבין מיד כי המקום רוחש נחשים. עוביים של מרבית הנחשים כשל מרקר והגדול ביותר עשוי להגיע לאורך של חצי מטר. במקומות שונים במאורה הנקבות שגדולות יותר מהזכרים, מתפתלות בתוך פקעות תזזיתיות של זכרים קטנים

אמנית מהעיר ווינפג, נט סוסטריק, שביקרה בפעם הראשונה במקום עם משפחתה, אמרה כי היא נגעלה קצת בהתחלה מהנחשים שהיו קלועים אחד בתוך השני. זה נראה לה תחילה כמו שטיח חלקלק ושמנוני. לאחר שאזרה אומץ והרימה את אחד הנחשים בידיה היא הבינה כי הם לא כל כך נוראיים, אלא דווקא יצורים נוחים ויפהפיים. סוסטריק פחדה מנחשים עד שהעזה להרים אחד ולהחזיק בו. בעלה של סוסטריק שהוא רופא בחדר מיון, השווה את המקום לסרט של אינדיאנה ג’ונס. אי אפשר היה לראות את הקרקע משום שהיא מכוסה בשכבה שנעה ומתפתלת ללא הרף, הוא אמר.

הפארק הוא שמורת חיות בר יוצאת דופ, שבה ההנהלה מעודדת את המבקרים לגעת בבעלי החיים, אך לא בנקבות. המבקרים הופתעו לגלות שהנחשים אינם ריריים או קשקשיים למגע, אלא רכים ומשיים כמו ארנבי אנגורה מתפתלים. לדבריהם הנחשים ממש מתמוססים לתוך היד. גם הצלילים שמשמיעים הנחשים התפתיעו את המבקרים. הם אינם מלחששים או שורקים. גוש הנחשים המתחככים זה בזה ובקרקעית המאורה מייצרים צליל שלדבריהם דומה לאוושת רוח המנשבת בין ענפי עצים בעוצמה גבוהה ביותר.

Traveling beyond classroom

Springfield Collegiate Institute students walking into Auschwitz. (photo by Jim Osler, SCI)

Holocaust education is commonplace in Jewish schools. But, in public schools, discussion about the Shoah is at each teacher’s discretion. Some 14 months ago, teachers at Springfield Collegiate Institute public school in Oakbank, Man., decided they would take 30 Grade 11 and 12 students to see Second World War sites firsthand.

Despite that Oakbank is home to few Jewish families, the school has been inviting Holocaust survivors to speak to students and has been educating its students about the Holocaust for years. Last year, teachers Jim Osler and James Chagnon made the decision to take things further.

“While this was not on a topic brought up in a regular class, we organized activities outside of class time for these students in the evenings and on the weekends to educate them a little more,” said Chagnon of preparing the students for the 12-day trip, which started March 20.

“We visited a synagogue and talked to a rabbi about what it means to be Jewish, because we don’t have any experience with that,” Chagnon told the Independent. “We went and met two Holocaust survivors, who talked about their experiences in the camps. And we went to a conference on antisemitism hosted at the Rady JCC [in Winnipeg]. So, we did a lot of prep work outside of the school with these guys to make sure they’d be ready for what they’d be experiencing.”

Chagnon referred to a recent study that found that only about 30% of Canadian high school students had awareness or knowledge of the Holocaust.

“I had always taught English here in the school in addition to history – novels like The Diary of Anne Frank – and these seem to be getting pushed to the wayside,” said Chagnon. “The younger generations these days, especially in a community like ours that doesn’t have a big Jewish population … it’s just something I don’t think parents have a lot of experience with and, so, it’s not passed onto the kids. So, if they don’t learn about it in school or as part of our programs or clubs, they maybe aren’t going to learn about it at all.”

The school had wanted to take more than 30 students on the March trip, but had to stick to that maximum for logistical reasons. Participating students had to fundraise to pay their way.

Madison Stojak, in Grade 12, and Anna Palidwor, in Grade 11, were both born and raised in rural Manitoba, and had little knowledge or interaction with Jews prior to attending Springfield Collegiate.

photo - Springfield Collegiate Institute student Ana Palidwor, left, teacher James Chagnon, centre, and student Madison Stojak — Springfield Collegiate Institute student Ana Palidwor, left, teacher James Chagnon, centre, and student Madison Stojak. *(photo by Jim Osler, SCI)*

“Hearing Holocaust survivors’ stories and then going to the camps, like Auschwitz and Birkenau … you could remember what the survivors said and picture it, what they must have gone through while they were there,” Palidwor told the Independent. “How we felt while we were there has stuck with everybody after we came back. Also, we’re more aware of the race issues that are out there… That’s definitely stuck with me … realizing it’s still here, wherever we go, the hate.”

While the school group was at the Warsaw Ghetto, a man on a motorbike drove by and gave the middle finger to a group of Israeli students who were standing beside them. “After all that, you’re just more aware of it, anywhere you go,” said Palidwor.

Both Stojak and Palidwor have talked about their experiences with family and friends.

“When I shared it with my family members, it was kind of surreal to them,” said Stojak. “They were like, ‘How could other people treat people like this? How could this happen? How come no one stopped it?’ They were questioning the same things I think all of us were questioning on the trip.”

“One of the strong points we really tried to push on the students, in terms of their learning, to understand, is that this isn’t the first time this has happened,” Chagnon said. “We definitely want it to be the last time, so we can’t just sit by and be passive bystanders anymore. When you see antisemitism, you are now obligated to call it out, draw attention to it, so we can change the way the world works.”

When the students returned from the trip, they were taken aback by some of the reaction they heard from fellow students who did not go.

Stojak said, “I hadn’t heard any comments before the trip like these – until they realized we were there … people started making rude comments … hateful comments. I think they were saying it to get us upset, and I also think that they’re really undereducated and don’t understand how serious it is.

“One comment someone said to me was, ‘Don’t touch me with your Holocaust hands!’ That’s what someone said to me. And, as soon as he said that, I said, ‘What did you just say?’ And he repeated it. I looked at him and said, ‘You didn’t just say that to me. That’s ridiculous. Do you know how many millions of people died there? That’s not something you should be saying.’

“I stood up immediately and shut it down,” said Stojak. “It made me feel sick to my stomach. How could someone make a comment like this? When he said that, I pictured standing there at Auschwitz or Birkenau and thinking, how could someone be so ignorant to say that?”

“These kinds of comments are making us want to be more active,” said Palidwor, “and to explain it to more people who weren’t there and tell them what the Holocaust is.”

photo - The 30 Springfield Collegiate Institute students, three parent chaperones and two teachers in the old town square in Krakow, Poland — The 30 Springfield Collegiate Institute students, three parent chaperones and two teachers in the old town square in Krakow, Poland. *(photo from SCI Students)*

One of the things that stuck in Chagnon’s mind from the trip was the incident with the Israeli students. He noticed that there were a dozen security personnel with the Israeli student group but none with the Canadian school group.

“One of my students said, ‘Wow, I didn’t understand how bad it was – that these kids on a school trip from Israel have to be accompanied by security guards,’” said Chagnon. “That kind of struck me and I made sure to point it out to my students. It gives you a bit of perspective for the Jewish community – how scared they must be all the time – that they can’t send students to learn about the history of their people, their culture and religion, without having to send security with them.”

Another thing that stood out for Chagnon occurred when the group was visiting a Jewish cemetery and noticed that locals use the cemetery as a bathroom stop for their dogs.

“I’m a guest in their country, but I was shaking, I was so angry,” he said. “I couldn’t believe people would show such indignity to a group of people who suffered so much already.

photo - The memorial at Mila 18 Ghetto Uprising site in Warsaw, Poland — The memorial at Mila 18 Ghetto Uprising site in Warsaw, Poland. *(photo by Jim Osler, SCI)*

“We had a nightly debrief at the end of every evening,” he continued, “where we sat around and talked about the day, how we felt about it and our reactions to it, and that’s one thing I brought up … that some of this stuff may seem to have gone away … maybe it isn’t as bad as it was, but that doesn’t mean it’s not there, just bubbling under the surface, waiting for an opportunity to pop up.

“For me, that’s the reason we did a trip like this, and I know Jim [Osler] feels the same way.… They say people who don’t study history are doomed to repeat it and, for me, that’s very true. You have to talk about these things, even the ugly things in history, so we don’t let it happen again.”

Rebeca Kuropatwa is a Winnipeg freelance writer.

אפקט טראמפ

עשרות בורחים וארה”ב ועוברים את הגבול לקנדה בתקווה לזכות במקלט (צילום: Jimz47 via Wikimedia)

בחירתו של דונלד טראמפ לנשיאות ארצות הברית והכרזתו כי יאסור על כניסת מוסלמים ממספר מדינות וילחם במהגרים הלא חוקיים במדינה, הגדילה משמעותית את מספר אלה שעוברים לקנדה. לפי הערכה מראשית השנה מאות בני אדם עברו את הגבול לקנדה באמצעות נמלי האוור והיבשה, בתוך תקווה להינות ממעמד של פליטים ולזכות במקלט. המגיעים מארה”ב מתחלקים לשתי קבוצות עיקריות. אלה שנולדו במדינות ערב ויש להם מעמד חוקי בארה”ב, אך הם חוששים ממדיניות ההגירה החדשה של טראמפ. הם מגיעים לקנדה בעיקר בטיסות ומוכנים להליך קבלת מעמד של פליטים (הם מצויידים במסמכים ובכסף). על הקבוצה השנייה המסתננים – נמנים בעיקר מוסלמים מאפריקה שאין להם מעמד חוקי בארה”ב, וכצפוי גם הם חוששים לעתידם תחת שלטון טראמפ. הם חוצים את הגבול ושמחים להיתפס על ידי משטרה הפדרלית של קנדה שעוזרת להם. השוטרים בודקים את מצבם, מעניקים להם בגדים חמים ועוזרים להם לעלות את ילדיהם וחפציהם למכוניות המשטרה לאחר שקשרו את ידיהם. לאחר מכן הם מועברים לידי משטרת הגבולות של קנדה שעוזרת להם להתחיל בהליכי הבקשה לקבל מעמד של פליטים ולאחר מכן מקלט.

מרבית המסתננים מארה”ב חוצים את הגבול היבשתי לעבר מחוזות קוויבק ומניטובה (בעיקר לפנות בוקר), כיוון שאזורים אלה נחשבים לקלים “יחסית” למעבר רגלי. אך בגלל תנאי החורף הקשים ששוררים באזור המסתננים מסתכנים בחייהם, וחלקם אף מאבדים אצבעות לאחר צעידה של קילומטרים בקור העז. חלקם (בעיקר אלה שבאים עם בני משפחה וילדים) מצליחים למצוא מוניות, שיעזרו להם לחצות את הגבול, או שהם נעזרים במבריחים (ונאלצים לשלם אלפי דולרים). כל זאת עד לנקודות השיטור של המשטרה. כוחות הצלה קנדיים בהם אמבולנסים, פעילי הגירה ומתנדבים נמצאים באזורי הגבול, כדי לעזור למסתננים ולהעניק טיפול רפואי ראשוני לניזקקים.

לאור הגידול במספר המסתננים מארה”ב הוגדלו תקציבי הישובים הסמוכים לגבול המטפלים בהם. גם ראשי המחוזות נרתמים לעזור בתקציבים ואמצעים, וכן נעשתה פנייה לקבל עזרה מהממשלה הפדרלית. גם סוכנות האו”ם לפליטים החלה לבדוק את תופעת המסתננים לקנדה מקרוב. במשטרת הגבולות הקנדית מעריכים כי מאז נובמבר עת נבחר טראמפ לנשיא, מספר המבקשים לקבל מעמד של פליטים בקנדה עומד על כ-1,500 איש. ואילו בכל 2016 כשבעת אלפים איש עברו את הגבול היבשתי וביקשו מעמד של פליטים בקנדה. זהו גידול של כ-63 אחוזים לעומת שנת 2015. רק בינואר השנה כחמש מאות מסתננים הגיעו לקוויבק ולפחות כמאה וחמישים הגיעו למניטובה, וביקשו מעמד של פליטים בקנדה. לא ידוע על מספר המסתננים לקנדה שלא פונים לשלטונות והם פשוט נעלמים ברחבי המדינה הגדולה הזו.

להערכת גורמים מקצועיים עם השתפרות מזג האוויר ובוא האביב והגברת מדיניות ההגירה של טראמפ נגד פליטים וזרים, מספר המסתננים מארה”ב לקנדה יגדל משמעותית. לאור זאת מונטריאול הכריזה על עצמה בימים אלה כעיר מקלט לפליטים – שזה אומר להתחייב לעזור להם בהסדרת מעמדם החוקי ולא לגרש אותם. קדמו לה: טורונטו, המילטון ולונדון – כולן ממחוז אונטריו וונקובר שבבריטיש קולומביה. ערים נוספות בקנדה שוקלות להפוך לערי מקלט.

פליטים לא יכולים לעבור את הגבול מארה”ב לקנדה באופן חוקי כיוון, שלאור אמנה הבינלאומית בין שתי המדינות “הסכם המדינה השלישית הבטוחה”, עליהם לבקש מעמד של פליטים במדינה הראשונה אליה הגיעו (ארה”ב), לאחר שעזבו את מולדתם. אך אם הם מגיעים באופן לא חוקי הם כן יכולים לבקש מקלט.